The issue of the relationship between space and society is one which has been ignored in the studies of both space masters (i. e. architects, urban and landscape designers, theoreticians and researchers in this filed), and society experts (i, e. sociologists, anthropologist and so on) Environmental sciences have largely filed to present a convincing theoretical framework for society, and similarly, in social sciences the concept of space and built environment has not reached a persuasive level. This failure is a missing link which is hard to deal with, but if tackled, it undoubtedly addresses many unknown problems of the built environment. In environment sciences, there has been an effort in the past few decades to approach society in a more sensitive way. This has brought new interests in studies of built environment to pay more attention to understanding the views of sociologists on the subject of space, In this paper, however, there is n intention to focus on the relation between society and environment form the standpoint of sociology and anthropology. This is an attempt to establish a foundation for further pursuit of the missing links between spatio- environment concepts and their social counterparts by focusing of the ideas of a few prominent sociologist and anthropologists, and comparing them to contemporary thoughs on the relationship between space and society. The paper concludes that unless a new understanding of space- society is a achieved, the effort in this filed would suffer from a constant lack of an appropriate framework.

The problem in understanding the meanings and narratives of built spaces of the present situation, where the position of humanity and the world has changed from subject-object position to the witness-evident situation, is that how the mechanisms for transfer of meanings and narrations through space is defined and how it relates to the human body. If we accept that the construction of any architectural work comes from world-view, values, norms, culture, and the unconscious mind of the creator of it, it must be accepted that what it expressed is beyond what it represents. In this research, based on the philosophical basis of post-structuralism in research, with the qualitative approach and by using the "Discourse analysis" method of research and "rational reasoning", while defining the concepts and historical genealogy of the narrative mechanism, factors affecting the understanding of space narratives are described; including "dialectics of space-time" and its relation to the role of "body" and the embodiment presence of the human in any built space. The results of the empirical theorem (space-time and presence) and the analytic and metaphysical theorem (architecture and meta-historical and meta-cultural narratives) show that narratives based on the ratio between the human body and the body of built space, the built space, physical proportions, and what is perceived in human sight, provides a position that the architect, with the help of design tools, can directly or metaphorically, beyond time and space, translate his narratives into the means of space for the present audience in it.

Identity, regardless of the issue in most areas of general human knowledge, the issue of quality is due to the structure of the environment affects human needs. In fact, the issue of qualitative identity between man and the environment. The lack of quality of the human relationship with the environment and create an environment where failure is lack of legibility and meaning. So create readability and meet the basic human needs according to His spatial resolution, the most important factor is human intervention in the environment. Thus, we need to understand the environment as an approach to understand the identity of the built environment, understanding the meaning of identity, space and physical space and its impact on man and his behavior is. Therefore, in this study, with the aim of collective urban identity by both objective and subjective patterns of location, space and body and due to the built environment to explain the concept of identity by environmental component location, space, body, and its effects will be discussed. Therefore, on the basis of descriptive, analytical and environmental studies identified common standards library with spatial identity, location and identification of the body so that the information in the category mentality by taking common sense, readability and imagery (immaterial) between the identity of the setting sure. In addition, information on the level of objectivity as a common form and function (physical) identity between place and space can be achieved that-be shared between the three major components of the identity, the identity of place, identity and physical identity and space in accordance with the functional factors, cognitive and physical identification and categorized.

Research Problem: The built space of architecture is a specific space with quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Human is connection with built space, it means meaning for him and in spatial experience with it. The built space is a place where human-environment interactive patterns are active. Passing time, the alteration in human wants and needs, and ecological variables require the conditions where space needs to change. Changes can be viewed as an arbiter among protection and destruction. The changes are mirror certain time convictions, mentalities, and conceivable outcomes, and give examples to what's to come. These progressions can act naturally cognizant and modified, or oblivious and inadvertent, and now and again the combination of these two procedures can cause change in the built space. Making any change requires a comprehension of the rationale of the current structure. This rationale depends on things like the possibility of form, the manner in which materials are utilized, and the acknowledgment of its social and authentic qualities.Research Question: What is the typology of change in the built space?How can the application of typology in shaping the space of the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning of Tabriz University of Islamic Art be investigated with regard to the motivation for change?Research Method: This research is of the subjective sort with a systematic engaging technique. For this reason, first, the data acquired from library studies and narrative sources are inspected and with a similar methodology, the job of progress in the built compositional space is assessed and investigated. In certain pieces of the exploration, field perceptions are utilized to examine the examples in space.The Most Important Results and Conclusion: Studies have indicated that the change in the built space of architecture with 6 species; Alteration, Adaptation, Reconstruction, Deformation, Aggregation, and Separation is performed with the motive of Transformation, Conformation, Reformation, Disfiguration, Composition, and Division. These 6 species are each a manifestation of change, so changing the created space can be accompanied by several types. To more readily clarify the issue, the formation Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tabriz Islamic Art University as a built space, which is the consequence of the arrangement of the traditional houses in Tabriz, is contemplated and the role of change in the built space is inspected. Each built space has three characteristics Physical-Formal, Behavioral-Functional, and Perceptual-Semantic qualities that communicate which interacts with humans and can change and reproduce in the process of formation. These characteristics create specific spatial patterns. At the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, the main goal in the change is transformation of space from residential use to educational use, and to achieve this, the most changes in physical-formal characteristics have occurred. Regarding the adaptation of the previous space with the available space and in order to sustain the meaning and concept of space, the highest attention is considered by the perceptual-semantic characteristics of space. Actions are taken to reconstruction the spatial, to modify and update the current spatial patterns that focus on behavioral-functional characteristics of space. In deformation, changes are not necessarily made with a specific purpose and motivation, but sometimes they result from some kind of inconsistency or limitation. In two types of aggregation and separation, based on the purpose of shaping the space, major changes can occur in each of the indicators.

Extended AbstractIntroductionThis research is applied and descriptive-analytical. Library and field studies were the tools with the help of which the required data were obtained. At first, library studies contributed to design a questionnaire including five criteria and 28 indicators affecting the stability of housing to evaluate the areas of Mehr Housing. The five-point Likert questionnaires were distributed among the residents of Mehr Housing in Semnan and their opinions were asked. Then, to analyze the data, SPSS software and Friedman's test was used to rank the criteria and indicators of housing stability. Smart PLS3 software and the partial least square method were also used to examine the factors influencing housing stability in the studied areas. Moreover, EXCEL was used to formulate MEREC and EDAS methods, respectively for weighting the stability factors and ranking the triple ranges of Mehr Housing. The statistical population includes all residents of Mehr housing areas (cooperative-built, industry-built and self-built). The size of the statistical sample in each area was estimated to be 120 people using Cohen's method. Totally, 360 questionnaires were randomly distributed among the residents of Mehr houses. Cronbach's alpha for the questions in the questionnaire was 0.89, which shows that the questionnaire has good reliability and validity.MethodThis research is applied and descriptive-analytical. Library and field studies were the tools with the help of which the necessary data was collected. At first, library studies helped to design a questionnaire including five criteria and 28 indicators (affecting the stability of housing) to evaluate the areas of Mehr housing. This five-point Likert questionnaire was distributed among the residents of Mehr housing in Semnan and their opinions were asked. In the next step, for analyzing the data, SPSS software and Friedman's test were used to rank the criteria and indicators of housing stability. Smart PLS3 software and the partial least square method were also used to identify the factors influencing housing stability in the studied areas. Moreover, EXCEL was used to formulate MEREC and EDAS methods, respectively, for weighting the stability factors and ranking the three areas of Mehr housing. The statistical population included all residents of Mehr housing areas (cooperative-built, industry-built, and self-built). The size of the statistical sample for each area was determined to be 120 people using Cohen's method. Therefor, 360 questionnaires were randomly distributed among the residents of Mehr houses. Cronbach's alpha for the questionnaire was 0.89, indicating suitability of the reliability and validity of the questionnaire.ResultsThe results of Friedman's test showed that the "physical", "economic", "social", "biological-environmental", and "aesthetic" criteria hold the first to fifth ranks, respectively. The results showed that in the three areas of Mehr housing, the physical criterion was the most satisfactory because it met the needs of the residents well. According to the opinions of the residents, "esthetic" issues obtained lowest level of satisfaction. The reason is that design and aesthetic issues have not been considered significant in building Mehr houses.Among the indicators, "enough vehicle parking facilities", "efficient facilities and equipment" and "cleanliness of the residential environment", respectively, received the highest rating of satisfaction among the residents. The indicators "visible views", "access to suitable green spaces" and "existence of recreational places" also received the lowest rating and satisfaction, respectively. This indicates the low level of stability of these indicators. The path coefficients of the variables in the structural equations method with the partial least squares approach showed that in all areas of Mehr housing, the "physical" and "economic" criteria are the most and least important criteria, respectively. Cooperative0built and self-built housings have similar conditions. On the other hand, in the Mehr industry-built housing, the "social" criterion has the greatest impact on housing stability. The results of the MEREC and EDAS methods showed that the Mehr self-build housing holds the highest rank in terms of stability and that these housings are relatively stable. Mehr cooperative-built housing and industry-built houses were ranked the second (low stability) and the third (non-stability).Discussion and ConclusionHousing is an important issue for low-income people. Moreover, housing and its stability are important for people, governments, and city officials. In the programs related to Mehr housing projects for low-income people, more attention is paid to economic affairs, and this issue has caused the residents' need for living in a desirable environment to be forgotten. Stable housing is the kind of housing that is low-cost, low-consuming, and safe, and also considers economic, social, and environmental sustainability. However, in for constructing Mehr houses only the financial power of low-income people has been taken into consideration. This study tried to review stable housing approach, to assess the physical aspect of housing, and explore other aspects of stability. The ultimate goal was to explore the success of Mehr houses from the point of view of their residents. The results showed that in terms of stability factors, the respondents were satisfied with self-built Mehr houses than other housing areas. This showed that Mehr housing project and its relative stability have been successful. On the contrary, the dissatisfactions with the cooperative-built and industry-built Mehr houses showed that the managers of Semnan should attempt to include the citizens’ opinions and their participation in urban planning. This way, the problems of the houses will be solved, because not paying attention to the economic, aesthetic, and environmental demands will result in the dissatisfaction of the residents. The results of this study will help the planners of housing and urban managers to increase the stability of the residential environment of Mahr houses and meet the needs of the residents to increase their satisfaction. The final goal can be to avoid past mistakes in the implementation of such plans.

It has been a long time since the city became a tool for capital accumulati Space Production, Built Environment, Space Representation, Grounded Theory,

It is henceforth a commonplace; the science-fiction would be a refractory genre by nature against the definitive assimilation to the literary mainstream. We can say that the usual thematic of the genre, to which is added the irresistible propensity to prospect the future in all its forms, immunizes the SF against the “academic confinement” to the benefit of other forms of confinement. Indeed, the SF belongs to the great family of the paraliterature where the more or less listed subgenres are waiting to receive a likely definition. Popular genre which relies on a remarkable poetic, the SF is an open place to the imagination, to the verbal and the figurative creativity. It owns itself its subgenres, among other things, the space opera which was, in a way, the original matrix of the speculative fiction and of its contemporary imitators. The Sternberg’s work did not have a special vocation to feed the already rich world of the science-fiction. It constitutes however a new step liable to bring a touch of self-reflexivity, we will notice that, to the history of this genre. French: “Le Navigateur” de Jacques Sternberg ou la phylogenese parodiee du space opera C’est dorenavant un lieu commun, la science-fiction serait un genre par nature refractaire a l’assimilation definitive au mainstream litteraire. Nous dirons que les thematiques habituelles du genre, auxquelles viennent se meler l’irresistible propension a prospecter l’avenir sous toutes ses formes, immunisent la SF contre “l’enfermement academique” au profit d’un enfermement d’un autre genre. En effet, celle-ci appartient, comme on le sait, a la grande famille de la paralitterature ou se cotoient les sous-genres plus ou moins repertories en attente de recevoir un semblant de definition. Genre populaire s’appuyant sur une poetique singuliere, la SF est un lieu ouvert a l’imagination, a la creativite verbale et figurative. Elle possede elle-meme ses sous-genres, entre autres, le space opera qui fut en quelque sorte la matrice originelle de la fiction speculative et de ses emules contemporaines. L’oeuvre sternbergienne n’eut guere pour vocation de nourrir le repertoire deja riche de la science-fiction. Elle constitue neanmoins une etape non repertoriee susceptible d’apporter, nous le constaterons, une touche d’auto-reflexivite a l’histoire du genre.Keywords: Jacques Sternberg, Nouvelle, Science-Fiction, Space Opera, Aventure, Fiction Speculative

Makassar is one of the metropolitan cities located in Indonesia which recently experiences massive an increased construction because of population growth. Mapping the spatial distribution and development of the built-up region is the best method that can use as an indicator to set the urban planning policy. The purpose of this study is to identify changes in land use and density in Makassar City that occurred in 2013 and 2017 primarily for built areas, including settlements using optical data, especially Landsat data. The data analyzed by using multi-temporal Landsat OLI 8 data taken from 2013 to 2017. Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI), Urban Index (UI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) are the spectral indices produced from Landsat OLI band covering Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) wavelength, visible Red (R) and Near Infrared (NIR) areas that can be revealed by examining changes in land use and area cover. The result shows that both spectral indices namely NDBI and UI indicate an increased built-up area approximately 18 and 6%, respectively over four years. Also, based on NDBI reveals that most an increased built-up area distributes in the north of Makassar (Biringkanaya sub-district), meanwhile UI shows that Biringkanaya and Manggala sub-districts experience an increased built-up area. The development of the city will also never be separated from the history of city growth, current conditions, and the growth of the town to come. The phenomenon of the development of the town will include the development of city elements in detail, aspects of the shape of the town and the development of city regulations.